Unit+Six

United States Steps to World War l
 * 1) American claims to be neutral by supplying Britain with weapons (trading with allies)
 * 2) German submarines torpedoe American ship (Lusitania); American-German tensions rise
 * 3) German attacks American ships again
 * 4) German plans to attack America, and provokes Mexicans for help (Zimmermann Telegram)
 * 5) American decides to fight Germans and join in World War l
 * 6) Russian Revolution - communists get involved

The New Era - The Roaring 20's

 * **Affluence** - Wealthy, Prosperous
 * **Conservatism** - Maintaining status quo, traditional values, not looking for a lot of change
 * **Cultural Frivolity -** Carefree, Loud, Exciting, Experimental way of doing things
 * **Dramatic rise in consumerism -** mass consumption, heavy buyers, catelogs & newspapers.
 * Excitment
 * Powerful/Influential
 * Busy
 * "Roar of the crowd" .. crowed? population growth? cities?
 * 1920's had a lot of tension within, more liberal Americans
 * 1919 - 18th amendment (prohibition of alcohol)
 * 1920's decade of prohibition; illegal activities
 * 19th amendment - women get to vote nationally
 * Change of women roles in society
 * The Flapper - Jazz, Dance clubs, City life in general, Independence
 * 1920's focused on domestic issues; not alot of international action, struggling to recover from World War I, changes within American (social, politial, economical)
 * Rise in everything until 1929 - The Great Depression .. stockmarket and banks crash down

The Self Made Man
(i.e Andrew Carnegie's father was a poor immigrant/not a steel owner. Carnegie was a Self-Made man)
 * The Idea** - Someone who works by their own hardwork and talent making successful for themselves as opposed to luck/inheritance.

(i.e Back then, owning a business meant observering society, others and etc Now, Business School, Trainning, Internships, Jobs, etc)
 * Decline of Self-Made Man**
 * People back then were successful by their own observations of soceity and actually suceeding using their strategies
 * It declined because Education was a set goal to become succesful
 * New Standards, Expectation, Norms .. //Requirements..//**

Patterns of Pop Culture - Dance Hall
Largest and Most Popular ballroom in New York's Harlem
 * Looked more towards freedom, excitment (Dance Clubs, etc)
 * African Americans provided music such as Jazz, it gave people the feeling of carelessness and freedom
 * 60 city-governments pass regulations in the 1920's restricting the styles of public dancing.
 * Thousands of strangers with diverse backgrounds participated in cultural rituals and became close-knit ethnic cultures

American in the World - The Cinema

 * New Reproduction of films and gross of industry
 * Distribution in American dominated all aspects of other countries
 * "Most influential cultural export of America"
 * Other nations had enormous influence on America's independent film making busisness while America influenced film makers abroad

Glogster on Social Change of the 1920's
media type="custom" key="8324018"

The Great Depression

 * Selling assets to make up for losses(i.e Cars - $100)
 * Unemployed people had to resort to soup kitchens to mend losses
 * 25% of unemployment
 * "Black Tuesdays" ... efforts to save the market failed.
 * The "Dust Bowl" was a catastrophic natural disaster that struck Texas through Dakotas
 * Racial problems expand
 * American culture (walt disney ... depression literature .. radio ..
 * Increased female employment .. 20% more working

Background Causes of the Economic Downfall (1920 Boom, 1930 Bust)

 * Luxury expenses (Consumerism)
 * Unstabled society
 * Overproduction
 * Stock Market boom and bust
 * Maldistribution of wealth (small percentage making most of the money)
 * Consumer spending wasn't going to match production
 * Lack of diversification (reliance on few industries i.e automobile and construction industries)
 * Banking system - risky, unwise loans, lending out too high a percentage of their assets
 * Bank run - everybody goes to bank to take their money back for more of a safety purpose
 * Decline in foreign exports
 * Farmers and small business men were in alot of debt
 * International debt structure - outgrowth of World War I
 * People were over speculating in the stock market
 * Stock market crash -- panic (most people selling, few people buying)

Herbert Hoover's Background/Philosophy/Approach

 * Organized food efforts to save people from starvation
 * Elected president in 1928; largest public figure
 * 31th president, Republican 1929-1933
 * 1st president born west of Mississippi
 * built a minning company that made him a millionaire (self-made man)
 * "The only thing wrong with capitalism is capitalists"
 * Promoted voluntarism - capitalists doing things more voluntarily
 * Economy tanked October 19, 1929
 * Hoover Hotel - Collection of cardbox shacks (Houses were forclosed)
 * Bonus march on capital (McCarthur)
 * Only wanted to spend money on projects where money would come back
 * Didn't believe in government handouts, welfare etc ..
 * Didn't matter who was president, it was the economy and the situation going on
 * $423 million fund on public works project (roads, bridges, schools, parks, etc)

Tariff - Tax on imports (help limit international competitions) Government uses tariffs so more Americans can buy American goods

The New Deal

 * Welfare System - extended national regulations over new areas of the economy
 * Prohibition repealed - 21st amendment
 * Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - Individual farmers, paying farmers to grow less, destroy crops, cattle, taking some goods off the market
 * Second New Deal - Roosevelt's response to the growth of political crisis and economic crisis
 * Memorial Day Massacre - Striking workers brutally attacked by Chicago police
 * Labor struggles. Unemployment Insurance

Franklin D. Roosevelt Video

 * Roosevelt elected 4 times, nobody ran for more than 2 terms (closer to king..?)
 * Roosevelt couldn't run for another term if the war didn't break out with Hilter in Europe
 * People thought Lessire Faire would be completely destroyed (Capitalism is saved by .. not really capitalism..?)
 * 13 million Americans were out of work
 * Economic forces beyond his and peoples control
 * Age of 50 seeking democractic nomination
 * Accepted 60% of the vote
 * Waiting 4 months before taking office
 * Saturday March 4, 1933 Ignauration Day
 * Taking Increased power from executive branch, violation of constitution?
 * New Deal - Constitutional programs
 * 1st day - collapse of banking systems, ordered banks to close for the next 4 days, demanding they resolve differences
 * Called the 73rd congress into special session
 * New democractic majority in both houses
 * Consumption of alochol legal
 * The hundred days
 * Top two - Jobs and Agriculture sector - 3% of American workforce
 * Cuts/Reductions - AAA (Hurt small farmers, Helped big farmers)
 * Thousands of farmers, workers get cheated by their money
 * Forced off land, migration to cities
 * New Deal did not do much to address racial inequality, didn't do much to help African Americans
 * Participation in the CCC were paid $1 a day (hundreds of thousands of jobs to young men)
 * People didn't like the government providing jobs, public sector not private
 * NIRA - planned economy, federal control on American business (Communism..?)
 * Publisicity companion, propaganda... blue egale
 * No need for labels, just practically, just trying to create jobs
 * Frances Perkins - first women to hold government position

Slideshow on New Deal Programs
media type="custom" key="8419448"

Chapter 25 Top Ten List

 * 1) **Election of 1932** - Hoover (Republican) vs. Franklin Roosevelt(Democrat). Roosevelt focused on the economic depression and attempted to strength the role of federal government.Roosevelt won due to the majority of Democrats in the house and a large popular vote.
 * 2) **Dust Bowl** - Drought beginning in the 1930, steady decline in rainfall and increase in heat. Lasted for a decade and destroyed farmer's crops/fields leaving them 60% less in income.
 * 3) **Hoover Program** - Wanted to gain the public's confidence and he started by creating programs such as voluntarism to increse wages and better hours but the structure and economic conditions kept it from becoming successful.
 * 4) **Agricultural Marketing Act** - Helped lower prices for farmers and increased foreign tariff through the Hawley-Smoot Tariff to help them.
 * 5) **Racial Tension** - African Americans were forced to move up North to find empolyment because whites took most of the jobs in the south. Other races such as Hispanics, Asians, etc were given the badly condition jobs and least payng.
 * 6) **Interregnum** - The period between the election and the inauguration date where the banking crisis had worsened and Roosevelt refused to promise to take a conservative approach to fixing the economy.
 * 7) **Radio's Impact** - Helped spread news faster and more efficently throughout the country and people knew how the economic crisis was going on
 * 8) **Increased Female Employment -** By the end of the Great Depression 20% more women were working than before.
 * 9) **NAACP's Chaging Role** - Worked hard to earn blacks position in society. Emereged in labor movements, Congress organizations and helped break racial barriers within labor unions.
 * 10) **Belief in Personal Responsibility** - Most Americas believed that they were responsible for their own success/failures and fate. Unemployment and poverty were signs of personal failures and many men in particular felt ashamed of their joblessness and helplessness.
 * 11) **Glass Steagall Act** - Included the FDIC, huge aspect, government monoriting the banking system. insuring the banks (protections, safety net)
 * 12) **Brooker State -** Government support for different groups.

Chapter 26 Top Ten List

 * 1) **New Deal** - Roosevelt's plan to rebuild the economy out of the Great Depression. Including various welfare systems, job offers, change in government, and various projects.
 * 2) **Agricultural Adjustment Act** - Government told farmers to kill their crops/cattle and grow less to take goods off the market but in the end they did not gain back their money that was lost and everything diminished.
 * 3) **Bank Holiday** - For four days where all banks shut down so that Congress could find a way to solve the issue. Many people were afraid of losing their money so they all started withdrawing and all of a sudden many banks were declaring bankruptcy.
 * 4) **Second New Deal** - Huge programs focused on redistributing wealth and gaining rights for forming unions for good hours and wages.
 * 5) **National Recovery Administration** - Established blanket codes which would grant a temporary wage between 30-40 cets an hour and 35-40 hours max including the abolition of child labor.
 * 6) **Share-Our-Wealth Plan -** Program proposed by Huey Long six months after Roosevelt's inauguration to help redistribute the wealth and put money back into the economy.
 * 7) **Tennessee Valley Authority -** New and cheaper source for water to make electricity more affordable by building dams after the electricity failure.
 * 8) **Social Security Act -** Provided older people with government aid when they decide to retire and young people with new jobs.
 * 9) **Sit Down Strike -** Workers would arrive and do nothing but sit down, fights broke out like the Memorial Dy Massacre.
 * 10) **Black Cabinet -** Group of Black office holders in the FDR cabinet raising new ways to raise the status of blacks through society and maybe in government.